1 For the purposes of this essay, I define the developed world as being comprised of populations (rather than countries) where the majority of people are overweight; that is, they have a body mass index of 25 or more as only wealthy economies are able to create and distribute enough calories at a sufficiently low cost to make this possible. Elsewhere, becoming overweight is just too expensive for most people to achieve.

i Balcombe, Jonathan P. 2010. Second Nature: The Inner Lives of Animals. pp. 203-204. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

ii Lin, Doris. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO). ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/concentrated-animal-feeding-operation-cafo-127713 accessed 18 October 2017.

iii Harari, Yuval Noah. 2015. Part Four. ‘The Scientific Revolution’ and Section 19 ‘And They Lived Happily Ever After.’ In Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. London: Vintage Books. p. 425. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/11/sapiens-brief-history-humankind-yuval-noah-harari-review accessed 3 April 2017.

iv Walsh, Fergus. 11 December 2014. BBC News. Superbugs to kill ‘more than cancer’ by 2050. http://www.bbc.com/news/health-30416844 accessed 24 October 2017.

v Mead, Margaret. Quote viewed on Brainy Quote: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/margaretme100502.html accessed 15 April 2017.

vi Healthdirect. ‘Vegetarian and vegan diets.’ https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vegetarian-and-vegan-diets accessed 7 February 2018.

vii Animals Australia.org ‘If this is the best, what is the worst?’ http://animalsaustralia.org/features/not-so-humane-slaughter/ accessed 8 February 2018

viii Animals Australia. ‘They stabbed babies’ http://www.animalsaustralia.org/features/they-stabbed-babies/?r=583a767006b901480226416&ua_s=e-mail accessed 8 February 2018

ix PETA Animals are not ours. ‘Meet your meat’, accessed 8 February 2018.

x Capps, Ashley. 30 July 2014. ‘10 Dairy Facts the Industry Doesn’t Want You to Know.’ https://freefromharm.org/dairyfacts/ accessed 8 February 2018.

xi Singer, Peter. 2009. Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement. New York, USA: First Harper Perennial.

xii Lymbery, Philip, and Isabel Oakeshott. 2014. Chapter Five. ‘Fish. Farming takes to the water’ In Farmageddon: The True Cost of Meat. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.

xiii Safran Foer, Jonathon. 2009. Eating Animals. p. 229. Australia: Penguin Group.

xiv Simpson, Lynn. 2 September 2017. ‘Live export vet: Animals were ‘cooking from the inside.’ http://www.animalsaustralia.org/features/lynn-simpson-a-life-live-export-stories.php accessed 7 February 2018.

xv Eisnitz, Gail. A. 2006. Slaughterhouse The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry. Original publication by The Humane Society, 1997. New York: Prometheus Books.

xvi ABC News McGrath, Pat 1 November 2017. ‘Chickens boiled alive at Star Poultry Supply abattoir in Melbourne, secret footage reveals. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-16/chickens-boiled-alive-inside-melbourne-abattoir/9157186 accessed 8 February 2018.

xvii Wikipedia. ‘Recent African origins of modern humans’. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans accessed 26 October 2017.

xviii Ranger, Nicola. 2012. How will climate change affect food production? The Guardian online https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/19/climate-change-affect-food-production accessed on 26 October 2017.

xix Craig W J & A R Mangels, 2009, Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 1099, Issue 7, pp. 1266 – 1282. https://www.vrg.org/nutrition/2003_ADA_position_paper.pdf accessed 24 October 2017.

xx Norris, Jack, RD. updated April 2014. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Recommendations for Vegetarians. http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/omega3 accessed 24 October 2017.

xxi http://www.veganaustralia.org.au/vegan_health_practitioners.

xxii People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. https://www.peta.org/ accessed 24 October 2017.

xxiii Animal Liberation. 2013. ‘Cows in Feedlots.’ https://www.animal-lib.org.au/ accessed 24 October 2017.

xxiv The Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013) https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/n55

xxv ibid.

xxvi Wikipedia ‘Feedlots’ https://en.wikipedia/wiki/Feedlots accessed 19 October 2017.

xxvii Animal Liberation. 2013. Cows in Feedlots. http://animal-lib.org.au/campaigns/animals-for-food/cows-in-feedlots accessed 21 June 2017.

xxviii Safran Foer, Jonathon 2009. Eating Animals p.229. Australia: Penguin.

xxix Heinz, Gunter & Thinnarat Srisuvan. 2001. ‘Effects of stress & injury on meat & by-product quality’ Chapter 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 2001/4http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6909e/x6909e04.htm accessed 15 April 2017

xxx ibid.

xxxi People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Fish Feel Pain. https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/fish/fish-feel-pain/ accessed 21 June 2017.

xxxii Reebs, Stephan, G. 2010 Social intelligence in fishes Canada: Universite de Moncton

xxxiii Planellas, Sonia Rey. 2016. Do fish have feelings? http://theconversation.com/do-fish-have-feelings-maybe-54291 accessed 22 June 2017.

xxxiv Lymbery, Philip., and Isabel Oakeshott. 2014. ‘Chapter Five. Fish. Farming takes to the water’ In Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat, London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing

xxxv ibid.

xxxvi Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO). 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016: Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf accessed 21 June 2017.

xxxvii Lymbery, Philip, and Isabel Oakeshott. 2014. ‘Chapter Five. Fish. Farming takes to the water’ In Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat. Bloomsbury Publishing, London UK. 2014.

xxxviii Marino, Lori., and Christina. M. Colvin, 2015. Thinking Pigs: A Comparative Review of Cognition, Emotion, and Personality in Sus domesticus. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 28 (1) http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx4s79c accessed 22 June 2017.

xxxix Viegas, Jen. 11 June 2015, IQ Tests Suggest Pigs are Smart as Dogs, Chimps. https://www.seeker.com/iq-tests-suggest-pigs-are-smart-as-dogs-chimps-1769934406.html accessed 21 June 2017.

xl Mahony, Paul. The pork industry in the classroom. The Australian Vegan Magazine, Issue 2, May/June 2017.

xli Growing Meat Chickens http://www.chicken.org.au/page.php?id=6#Feed accessed 24 October 2017.

xlii Pearce, Lara. 2017. This Is What the Government’s New ‘Free Range’ Egg Guidelines Look Like. http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/27/this-is-what-the-governments-new-free-range-egg-guidelines-lo_a_22059101/ accessed 19 October 2017.

xliii ibid.

xliv Medical Advances without Animals http://www.mawa-trust.org.au/ accessed 20 October 2017.

xlv Hyner, Christopher. 2015 A Leading Cause of Everything: One Industry That is Destroying Our Planet and Our Ability to Thrive on It. Georgetown Environmental Law Review. https://gelr.org/2015/10/23/a-leading-cause-of-everything-one-industry-that-is-destroying-our-planet-and-our-ability-to-thrive-on-it-georgetown-environmental-law-review/ accessed 24 October 2017.

xlvi Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies 2017, Industrial Agriculture and Forests Yale University. http://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/theme/agriculture-cattle-ranching-tropical-forests accessed 15 April 2017.

xlvii

xlviii Sabaté, Joan & Sam Soret. Sustainability of plant-based diets: Back to the future. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 100. 10.3945/ajcn.113.071522. 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/262884088_fig3_FIGURE-3-Protein-delivery-efficiency-in-terms-of-energy-use-as-a-function-of-food accessed 26 October 2017.

xlix Wikipedia. ‘Feed Conversion ratio’. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio accessed 21 June 2017.

l Mekonnen, M.M., and A. Y Hoekstra. Water footprint of crop and animal products: a comparison. Main Report Volume 1: The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48, UNESCO-IHE. 2010. http://waterfootprint.org/en/water-footprint/product-water-footprint/water-footprint-crop-and-animal-products/ accessed 21 June 2017.

li World Water Development Report 2016. Coordinating the UN’s work on water and sanitation. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016. http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2016/ accessed 24 October 2017.

lii Humane Society International India. April 2016. An HSI India Report: The Impact of Diet on Water. http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/impact-of-diet-on-water-hsi.pdf accessed 15 April 2017.

liii ‘6 Problems with Monoculture Farming’ Regenerative sustainable living and personal growth.’ https://www.regenerative.com/magazine/six-problems-monoculture-farming accessed on 8 February 2018.

liv Wikipedia. ‘Permaculture’. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture accessed 20 October 2017.

lv Singer, Peter. 1990. Animal Liberation (second edition). London: Jonathon Cape Ltd.

lvi ibid.

lvii Harari, Yuval Noah. 2015. ‘Part One, Chapter 2: The Tree of Knowledge’ In Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. pps. 30-35. London: Vintage Books.

lviii Keim, Brandon. 12 April 2014. WIRED. Case for Chimpanzee Rights rejected by Appeals Court. https://www.wired.com/2014/12/court-says-chimp-not-a-person/ accessed 15 April 2017.

lix ibid.

lx Stempel, Jonathan, 30 January 2016. Reuters. NY judge won’t consider bid to free upstate chimp Kiko. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-lawsuit-chimps-idUSKCN0V72P5 accessed 15 April 2017.

lxi The Economist 25 March 2017. New Zealand declares a river a person. http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21719409-odd-legal-status-intended-help-prevent-pollution-and-other-abuses-new-zealand-declares accessed 15 April 2017.

lxii Safran Foer, Jonathon. 2009. Chapter entitled: ‘Influence/Speechlessness’ In Eating Animals. The life and death of a bird. p. 229. Australia: Penguin Group.

lxiii ABC News online. ‘Survey shows support for legalised euthanasia’. 16 November 2012.http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-16/survey-shows-australian-support-for-legalised-euthanasia/4376524 accessed 22 June 2017.

lxiv Wikipedia. ‘Australian Marriage Equality’. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Marriage_Equality accessed 22 June 2017.

lxv Voiceless the Animals Protection Institute. https://www.voiceless.org.au/the-issues/ag-gag accessed 22 June 2017.

lxvi The Salt: what’s on your plate. ‘Judge Strikes Down Idaho ‘Ag-Gag’ Law, Raising Questions For Other States’. 4 August 2015. http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/08/04/429345939/idaho-strikes-down-ag-gag-law-raising-questions-for-other-states accessed 22 June 2017.

lxvii ibid.

lxviii Nazi Germany and Animal Rights 1933 Law on Animal Protection. http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Nazianimalrights.htm accessed 24 October 2017.

lxix Ibid.

lxx Patterson, Charles. 2002. Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. New York: Lantern Books.

lxxi

lxxii Cohen, Rick. 2015. Non-profit Quarterly. ‘FBI Arrests Animal Rights Activists as Domestic Terrorists’. https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2015/07/31/fbi-arrests-animal-rights-activists-as-domestic-terrorists/ accessed 22 June 2017.

lxxiii Ibid.

lxxiv Wikipedia. Cultured meat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_meat#Growth_medium accessed 15 April 2017.

lxxv Andrew, Anthony. 2017, Yuval Noah Harari: ‘Homo sapiens as we know them will disappear in a century or so’ https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/mar/19/yuval-harari-sapiens-readers-questions-lucy-prebble-arianna-huffington-future-of-humanity accessed 15 April 2017.

lxxvi Gebreyes Rahel. 2015. ‘How Lab-Grown Meat May Change Our World’. http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/lab-grown-meat-in-vitro-ethics_us_56539b38e4b0879a5b0c391b accessed 15 April 2017.

lxxvii Stone, Maddie. ‘The Future will be Full of Lab-Grown Meat.’ 4 August 2015. https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/08/the-future-will-be-full-of-lab-grown-meat/ accessed 7 February 2018.

lxxviii Zaraska, Marta. ‘Is Lab-Grown Meat Good for Us?’ 19 August 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/is-lab-grown-meat-good-for-us/278778/ accessed 8 February 2018.

lxxix Gebreyes Rahel. 2015. ‘How Lab-Grown Meat May Change Our World’. http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/lab-grown-meat-in-vitro-ethics_us_56539b38e4b0879a5b0c391b accessed 15 April 2017.

lxxx Upadhyay, Sheetanshu. ‘Meat Substitute Market is Expected to Reach $5.2 Billion, Globally by 2020’. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/global-meat-substitute-market.html accessed 24 October 2017.

lxxxi Vegetarian Times. The Editors. 2008. Vegetarianism in America. Curious about how many Americans go veg? Our study sheds some light. https://www.vegetariantimes.com/uncategorized/vegetarianism-in-america accessed 24 October 2017.

lxxxii Lewis, Lauren. 2017. A New 2017 Report Confirms A 6% Increase In The Vegan Population. http://worldanimalnews.com/new-2017-report-confirms-6-increase-vegan-population/ accessed 24 October 2017.

lxxxiii ibid.

lxxxiv Spencer, Colin.1993. The Heretic’s Feast. Great Britain: Fourth Estate Limited.

Bibliography

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